Fuel Ghoul

Ethanol burns hot on the Internet

Fuel Ghoul embraces ethanol as man’s best alternative to gasoline for Canadian cars and trucks. This writer recognizes ethyl alcohol made from corn as the first step in a technological evolution toward cellulosic ethanol made from grass, corn stover and forestry waste.

It’s difficult to go on the Internet today and not encounter other writers that are, for various reasons, against ethanol. Some opponents believe that using corn to make anything will increase the price of breakfast cereal and beef steaks at home, and cause mass starvation abroad. Other antagonists are quick to remind the public that propelling engines with ethanol only reduces carbon emissions by a few percentage points, and such a switch has a negligible effect on the environment.
 
But the noisiest argument centers on ethanol’s economic practicality or what environmentalists call ‘net energy’ production. This small, but prolific school asks the question ‘is more energy used to grow and process corn kernels into ethanol than is contained in the ethanol itself?’ These sole-sourced challengers rely on the work of Dr. David Pimentel, a retired entomology professor from Cornell, and Tad Patzek of the University of California.

These two American scientists continue to be very critical of ethanol. Both Dr. Pimentel and professor Tad Patzek have studied ethanol’s net energy production and published negative results. But look closer - their work is carefully designed to undermine the public’s faith in this alternative fuel. Although their findings have now been largely discredited by the scientific community in general, their research is often used to legitimate anti-ethanol arguments online, in chat rooms and in ‘peak oil’ web site forums.

 
In August 2001, Dr. Pimentel attacked the economics of corn-to-ethanol production in an article published in the Encyclopedia of Physical Sciences and Technology. He asserted that ethanol production is not economically viable because: "The growers and processors can't afford to burn ethanol to make ethanol. US drivers couldn't afford it, either, if it weren't for government subsidies to artificially lower the price." 1 Pimentel’s mathematic calculations produced a net energy negative; he maintains that more fossil energy is required to produce a gallon of ethanol than what the ethanol yields. In the November 11^th 2006 issue of Autoweek Magazine, 2 Tad Patzek finally admits that if the Bush Administration's data is correct than ‘ethanol at best, breaks even’. He also claims that the technology needed to produce cellulosic ethanol is far from proven, and that any natural crops harvested for energy would threaten tropical ecosystems.

It's probably no coincidence that Dr. Pimentel and Tad Patzek would come to their anti-ethanol conclusion - both have very obvious ties to the oil industry. Pimentel in particular has a record of trying to discredit ethanol production. It is no secret that he retired from Cornell shortly after that institution received hundreds of millions of dollars from Sheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa Al-Thani to build an affiliate university in the State of Qatar.

Tad Patzek, on the other hand, still works for oil companies Shell and BP as a researcher, consultant, and expert witness. He founded and continues to direct the UC Oil Consortium, which is funded by the oil industry at the rate of US$60,000 to $120,000 per company per year.

According to two researchers from the Argonne National Laboratory of the University of Chicago, Dr. Tianqiu Wang, and Dr. Simone Santini, Cornell’s entomology professor Dr. Pimentel is famous for using outdated data and ‘his numbers are appropriate to conditions of the 1970s and early 1980s, but clearly not the 1990s’. With up-to-date information on corn farming and ethanol production and treating ethanol co-products fairly, every other study concludes that corn-based ethanol yields a positive energy balance – one source attributes the difference to be approximately 20,000 Btu per gallon’. 3

Wang and Santini determined that Pimentel has been recycling his ancient data for years, and using this old data greatly affects the outcome in these studies.  Farms have become more energy efficient since 1978 due in large part to replacing gasoline powered equipment with more fuel-efficient diesel engines.  Total farm energy use peaked in 1978 at 2,244 trillion Btu, but by 2000 had dropped to about 1,600 trillion Btu.  In the meantime, corn production rose from an average of 110 bushels per acre in 1980 to 140 bushels per acre in 2000.

Estimates of fertilizer production cost in Btu/lb dropped from 38,000 in 1980 to 21,000 in 1995. Today’s ethanol plants use far less energy than plants just 10 years ago, plus Dr. Pimentel added 7,000 Btu/gal because he included the energy cost for building the ethanol plant, concrete, steel etc.  Again, he didn’t explain how he got these numbers.
 
Fertilizer use has dropped in this time period as well, but none of Dr. Pimentel’s or Tad Patzek’s studies take into consideration farmers who use natural fertilizer instead of spray-applied anhydrous ammonia. Natural fertilizers include manure and crop rotation using nitrogen fixing legumes, such as soybeans, which also produces oil that may also be easily converted to biodiesel.  Any farmer who also raises cattle, hogs or sheep has a ready supply of manure.  There is no additional cost in money or Btu’s to manufacture this animal waste, and spreading it on a field simply involves using different equipment.

An August 2002 USDA study found that not only is corn fed ethanol energy-efficient, but that efficiency is steadily improving as the byproducts are improved. The net energy balance estimate for ethanol produced from wet-milling corn is 27,729 Btu per gallon, and the net energy balance estimate for dry-milling is 33,196 Btu per gallon - the weighted average is 30,528 Btu per gallon. The energy ratio is 1.57 and 1.77 for wet- and dry-milling, respectively, and the weighted average energy ratio is 1.67.

As for ethanol and the environment, because pure ethyl alcohol contains 30 per cent more oxygen in its chemical composition, its combustion results in a more oxygenated exhaust. Greenfield Ethanol, which is the largest ethanol producer in Canada, provides excellent online information showing how ‘Renewable fuels such as ethanol are one of the best tools Canadians have to fight air pollution from vehicles.’ 4  The Canadian government estimates that, "If 35 percent of gasoline in Canada contained ten percent ethanol, greenhouse gas emissions would be reduced by 1.8 megatonnes per year (1.8 million tonnes), which is the equivalent of removing more than 400,000 vehicles from the road.”
 

myLot User Profile

Tiverton Ontario, energy hotspot!

 

Located halfway up the Bruce Peninsula, not far from the eastern shores of Lake Huron, Tiverton Ontario is smack in the center of ‘cow country.’ The lush fields and green pastures of Bruce County really do belong to the cows – there are over 163,000 of them living on 3,750 farms. In fact Bruce County is ranked number one in the entire province for cattle; it produces 7.6 per cent of Ontario’s beef and over 80,000 kilograms of milk per year. That’s probably because over 62 per cent of the county is farmed and the soil here is some of the best in the world.

But it wasn’t always like this. Almost every farmer growing crops today had a grandfather or a great grandfather that worked very hard to clear the family plot.

Nothing but unbroken forest greeted Timothy Allan when he first settled in Tiverton in the fall of 1850. He was the first European settler to discover the quality of the soil. After years of back-breaking labour he cleared himself a sizable piece of land and set an example for the other pioneers that followed. In 1857 Norman McInnes opened a general store in what was then called St Andrews. When Canada Post came along in 1860 they changed the town’s name to Tiverton because there was already a St. Andrews in Nova  Scotia.

Tiverton thrived from the beginning, McInnes, the storekeeper and postmaster, started a pot and pearl-ash factory in his back yard. For people who don’t know what this is, potash is an impure form of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) mixed with other potassium salts. Potash is made by collecting and boiling the ashes of hardwood trees. Pearl ash is created by cooking and further refining the potash. The first patent ever issued by the U.S. Patent Office was awarded to Samuel Hopkins in 1790 for an improved method of making pearl ash. Today this industry is almost completely obsolete, but 150 years ago pearl ash had a myriad of uses, including the manufacture of soap and glass. Its principle application was as a detergent for cleaning raw wool – consequently England imported it by the boat load.

McInnis certainly prospered from the settlers burning trees around Tiverton in the 1870’s, and the domestic wool trade fed a healthy demand for pearl ash. Historical records show that Norman McInnes helped finance nearby saw mills and a grist mill, and his money even helped set up a grain market for local farmers. To this day, the McInnes name still appears on the mailboxes of the largest farms in the area.

With agriculture so prevalent in Tiverton, it’s rather surprising the town has become famous for something else – energy. By some strange coincidence, this small community has become a huge energy hotspot. There are three distinctly different energy production centers located in and around the municipality.

Bruce Station is the largest nuclear facility in Canada with eight CANDU reactors and a total output of 6,232 net megawatts (MW). When construction began in 1970 it must have put Tiverton on the map – the map of enemy targets at which the Soviet Union aimed long range ballistic missiles! Thank god the Cold War is over.

Ontario's first commercial wind farm, called Huron Wind is also located near Tiverton. The wind farm consists of five 1.8 MW wind turbines that supply enough electricity to power 3,000 homes on an annual basis. Monitored remotely, the turbines spin approximately 95 per cent of the time, producing variable amounts of electricity in correspondence with the power of the wind. The turbines are 107 meters tall from ground to blade peak.

Tiverton Ontario also boasts an ethanol plant that has been fermenting corn and distilling ethyl alcohol here since 1989. GreenField Ethanol produces 26 million litres of fuel ethanol and industrial grade alcohol at the Tiverton facility every year. Tiverton is a batch processing plant, where corn is processed in ‘batches’, and is also where GreenField Ethanol conducts Canadian-leading ethanol research and development.

While ethanol appears in the press a lot lately due to its many benefits as a sustainable fuel, few people realize the tremendously positive impact on the local economies around the plants themselves. An average-sized ethanol production plant like the one at Tiverton employs about 40 people with good-paying, high-skill jobs and provides spin-off jobs through local providers of goods and services. More than 70 per cent of revenue from an ethanol plant is spent within a 150-km radius of the site. Local people are employed. Local crops are purchased to make the ethanol, and the local tax base is significantly expanded. Farmers also benefit from reduced transportation costs.

For example, GreenField Ethanol plant managers buy local corn and send wet distillers grains back to the feedlots in and around the area. Remember those 163,000 cows? That means there will always be a demand for distillers’ grains in Bruce County.

Back in the autumn of 1850, Timothy Allen couldn’t have guessed that he was clearing one of Canada’s foremost energy hotspots.